Some interpreters identify the Nicolaitans as Judaizers. They connect the Nicolaitans at Pergamum, “where Satan lives” (Rev 2:13), with the “synagogue of Satan” at Smyrna and Philadelphia (2:9; 3:9). Since Revelation charges that members of those synagogues are not actually Jews, some suggest that the Nicolaitans are Gentiles who claim aspects of the Jewish tradition while advocating openness to Greco-Roman religious practices (Prigent, “L’Hérésie,” 8–10; Gaston, “Judaism,” 42–43). This proposal
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